draft-iab-ws-environmental-impacts-report-01.txt   draft-iab-ws-environmental-impacts-report-02.txt 
IAB J. Arkko IAB J. Arkko
Internet-Draft Ericsson Internet-Draft Ericsson
Intended status: Informational C. Perkins Intended status: Informational C. S. Perkins
Expires: September 14, 2023 University of Glasgow Expires: 23 March 2024 University of Glasgow
S. Krishnan S. Krishnan
Cisco Cisco
March 13, 2023 20 September 2023
Report from the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impact of Internet Report from the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impact of Internet
Applications and Systems, 2022 Applications and Systems, 2022
draft-iab-ws-environmental-impacts-report-01 draft-iab-ws-environmental-impacts-report-02
Abstract Abstract
Internet communications and applications have both environmental Internet communications and applications have both environmental
costs and benefits. The IAB ran an online workshop in December 2022 costs and benefits. The IAB ran an online workshop in December 2022
on exploring and understanding these impacts. on exploring and understanding these impacts.
The role of the workshop was to discuss the impacts, discuss the The role of the workshop was to discuss the impacts, discuss the
evolving needs from industry, and to identify areas for improvements evolving needs from industry, and to identify areas for improvements
and future work. A key goal of the workshop was to call further and future work. A key goal of the workshop was to call further
attention to the topic and to bring together a diverse stakeholder attention to the topic and to bring together a diverse stakeholder
community to discuss these issues. community to discuss these issues.
This report summarises the workshop inputs and discussions. This report summarises the workshop inputs and discussions.
About This Document
This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.
Status information for this document may be found at
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-arkko-iab-ws-environmental-
impacts-report/.
Status of This Memo Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on September 14, 2023. This Internet-Draft will expire on 23 March 2024.
Copyright Notice Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2023 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the Copyright (c) 2023 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
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to this document.
1. Table of Contents Table of Contents
1. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Introduction 2. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Scope 2.1. Practical Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1. Practical Arrangements 3. Workshop Topics and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. Workshop Topics and Discussion 3.1. The Big Picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1. The Big Picture 3.2. Understanding the Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2. Understanding the Impacts 3.3. Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.3. Improvements 3.4. Next Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.4. Next Steps 3.4.1. Overall Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.4.1. Overall Strategy 3.4.2. Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.4.2. Improvements 3.4.3. Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.4.3. Actions 4. Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5. Feedback 5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6. Security Considerations 6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7. IANA Considerations 7. Position Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8. Position Papers 8. Program Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
9. Program Committee 9. Workshop Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
10. Workshop Participants 10. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
11. Informal References Appendix A. IAB Members at the Time of Approval . . . . . . . . 25
Appendix A. IAB Members at the Time of Approval Appendix B. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Appendix B. Acknowledgments Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2. Introduction 1. Introduction
The IAB ran an online workshop in December 2022 on exploring and The IAB ran an online workshop in December 2022 on exploring and
understanding the environmental impacts of the Internet. understanding the environmental impacts of the Internet.
The background for the workshop was that Internet communications and The background for the workshop was that Internet communications and
applications have both environmental costs and benefits. In the applications have both environmental costs and benefits. In the
positive direction, they can reduce the environmental impact of our positive direction, they can reduce the environmental impact of our
society, for instance, by allowing virtual interaction to replace society, for instance, by allowing virtual interaction to replace
physical travel. Of course, the Internet can equally well act as an physical travel. Of course, the Internet can equally well act as an
enabler for increasing physical goods consumption, for instance, enabler for increasing physical goods consumption, for instance,
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The workshop drew many position paper submissions. Of these, 26 were The workshop drew many position paper submissions. Of these, 26 were
accepted and published to stimulate discussion. There were active accepted and published to stimulate discussion. There were active
discussions both in the meeting and on the workshop mailing list with discussions both in the meeting and on the workshop mailing list with
altogether 73 participants. altogether 73 participants.
Perhaps the main overriding observation is how much there is interest Perhaps the main overriding observation is how much there is interest
and urgency on this topic, among engineers, researchers, and and urgency on this topic, among engineers, researchers, and
businesses. businesses.
The workshop discussions and conclusions are covered in Section 4. The workshop discussions and conclusions are covered in Section 3.
The position papers, and links to recordings of workshop sessions, The position papers, and links to recordings of workshop sessions,
can be found at https://www.iab.org/activities/workshops/e-impact/. can be found at https://www.iab.org/activities/workshops/e-impact/.
Presentations held during the discussions can be found from the IETF Presentations held during the discussions can be found from the IETF
Datatracker at https://datatracker.ietf.org/group/eimpactws/ Datatracker at https://datatracker.ietf.org/group/eimpactws/
meetings/. meetings/.
The discussion at the IETF will continue after the workshop, both The discussion at the IETF will continue after the workshop, both
around specific proposals as well as general discussion on a new around specific proposals as well as general discussion on a new
mailing list, the e-impact list (e-impact@ietf.org). You can mailing list, the e-impact list (e-impact@ietf.org). You can
subscribe to this list at https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/ subscribe to this list at https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/
e-impact. e-impact.
Some improvements addressing specific situations are being discussed Some improvements addressing specific situations are being discussed
at the IETF, such as the Time Variant Routing (TVR) proposal that can at the IETF, such as the Time Variant Routing (TVR) proposal that can
help optimize connectivity with systems that are periodically on or help optimize connectivity with systems that are periodically on or
reachable (such as satellites). We expect more proposals in the reachable (such as satellites). We expect more proposals in the
future. future.
3. Scope 2. Scope
Environmental impact assessment and improvements are broad topics, Environmental impact assessment and improvements are broad topics,
ranging from technical questions to economics, business decisions, ranging from technical questions to economics, business decisions,
and policies. and policies.
The technical, standards, and research communities can help ensure The technical, standards, and research communities can help ensure
that we have a sufficient understanding of the environmental impact that we have a sufficient understanding of the environmental impact
of the Internet and its applications. They can also help to design of the Internet and its applications. They can also help to design
the right tools to continue to build and improve all aspects of the the right tools to continue to build and improve all aspects of the
Internet, such as addressing new functional needs, easing of Internet, such as addressing new functional needs, easing of
operations, improving performance and/or efficiency, or reducing operations, improving performance and/or efficiency, or reducing
environmental impacts in other ways. environmental impacts in other ways.
The workshop was expected to discuss: The workshop was expected to discuss:
o The direct environmental impacts of the Internet, including but * The direct environmental impacts of the Internet, including but
not limited to energy usage by Internet systems themselves (the not limited to energy usage by Internet systems themselves (the
network equipment along with the associated power and cooling network equipment along with the associated power and cooling
infrastructure), energy usage of the relevant end-user devices, infrastructure), energy usage of the relevant end-user devices,
resources needed for manufacturing the associated devices, or the resources needed for manufacturing the associated devices, or the
environmental impacts throughout the life-cycle of Internet environmental impacts throughout the life-cycle of Internet
systems. This included discussion about the breakdown of those systems. This included discussion about the breakdown of those
impacts across different system components and operations, and impacts across different system components and operations, and
predictions about the potential future trends for these impacts predictions about the potential future trends for these impacts
based on changed usage patterns and emerging technologies. based on changed usage patterns and emerging technologies.
o Discussion of the indirect environmental impacts of the Internet, * Discussion of the indirect environmental impacts of the Internet,
i.e., its effects on society through enabling communications, i.e., its effects on society through enabling communications,
virtual services, or global commerce. virtual services, or global commerce.
o Sharing information about relevant measurement metrics and data, * Sharing information about relevant measurement metrics and data,
and identify the need for additional metric or measurements. and identify the need for additional metric or measurements.
o Discussing about the need for improvements or associated new * Discussing about the need for improvements or associated new
functionality. functionality.
o Sharing information about the societal, business, and regulatory * Sharing information about the societal, business, and regulatory
situation, to help identify areas of opportunity. situation, to help identify areas of opportunity.
o Identifying areas where further technical work would be most * Identifying areas where further technical work would be most
impactful. impactful.
o Discussing specific improvement proposals. * Discussing specific improvement proposals.
o Discussion of past work in the IETF, IRTF, and IAB in this area * Discussion of past work in the IETF, IRTF, and IAB in this area
and the status of such work. and the status of such work.
o Discussion of observed user behaviours as they relate to * Discussion of observed user behaviours as they relate to
environmental impacts. environmental impacts.
We expected that the workshop discussions connect analysis of the We expected that the workshop discussions connect analysis of the
issues (e.g., scale of energy consumption or carbon footprint) to issues (e.g., scale of energy consumption or carbon footprint) to
industry needs (e.g., deployment opportunities) and solutions. industry needs (e.g., deployment opportunities) and solutions.
Business and societal policy questions were in scope only insofar as Business and societal policy questions were in scope only insofar as
they inform the workshop participants about the context we are in, they informed the workshop participants about the context we are in,
but what those policies should be was not for the workshop to decide but what those policies should be was not for the workshop to decide
or even extensively discuss. The scope excluded also how the or even extensively discuss. The scope excluded also how the
technical community works and meets, such as the question of in- technical community works and meets, such as the question of in-
person or hybrid meetings (although it should be noted that the person or hybrid meetings (although it should be noted that the
workshop itself was run as an on-line meeting). workshop itself was run as an on-line meeting).
3.1. Practical Arrangements 2.1. Practical Arrangements
The IAB discussed a potential workshop in this area during its May The IAB discussed a potential workshop in this area during its May
2022 retreat. A call for position papers went out in August 2022. 2022 retreat. A call for position papers went out in August 2022.
Position papers were to be submitted by end of October, a deadline Position papers were to be submitted by end of October, a deadline
which was later extended by one week. which was later extended by one week.
As noted, the workshop itself was run as an on-line meeting, with As noted, the workshop itself was run as an on-line meeting, with
four half-day long sessions complemented by email discussions and the four half-day long sessions complemented by email discussions and the
position papers submitted by the participants. position papers submitted by the participants.
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committee members and members of the IAB and IESG were offered an committee members and members of the IAB and IESG were offered an
opportunity to participate even in cases where they did not submit a opportunity to participate even in cases where they did not submit a
position paper. position paper.
The IETF secretariat and communications staff provided practical The IETF secretariat and communications staff provided practical
support during the process, sending announcements, maintaining the support during the process, sending announcements, maintaining the
workshop web page with position papers, setting up mailing lists, workshop web page with position papers, setting up mailing lists,
tracking submissions, helping with blog article submissions, and so tracking submissions, helping with blog article submissions, and so
on. on.
4. Workshop Topics and Discussion 3. Workshop Topics and Discussion
The meeting part of the workshop was divided into four sessions: The meeting part of the workshop was divided into four sessions:
o The first session was about the big picture and relationships * The first session was about the big picture and relationships
between different aspects of sustainability (see Section 4.1). between different aspects of sustainability (see Section 3.1).
o The second session focused on what we know and do not know, and * The second session focused on what we know and do not know, and
how we can measure environmental impacts (see Section 4.2). how we can measure environmental impacts (see Section 3.2).
o The third session was about potential improvements (see * The third session was about potential improvements (see
Section 4.3). Section 3.3).
o The final fourth session was about conclusions and next steps (see * The final fourth session was about conclusions and next steps (see
Section 4.4). Section 3.4).
4.1. The Big Picture 3.1. The Big Picture
This session was about the big picture and how the Internet This session was about the big picture and how the Internet
influences the rest of the society. We also spoke about the goals of influences the rest of the society. We also spoke about the goals of
the workshop. the workshop.
The session began with a discussion about what is overall involved in The session began with a discussion about what is overall involved in
this topic. We also looked at how the IETF has approached this topic this topic. We also looked at how the IETF has approached this topic
in the past. in the past.
The discussions also expressed the urgency of action and the The discussions also expressed the urgency of action and the
importance of continuous improvement: an incremental change every importance of continuous improvement: an incremental change every
year is needed for larger savings at the end of the decade. We year is needed for larger savings at the end of the decade. We
continued to talk about the need to recognize how climate changes continued to talk about the need to recognize how climate changes
impact different communities in the world, often unfairly. Finally, impact different communities in the world, often unfairly. Finally,
we focused on the need to be aware of carbon footprint rather than we focused on the need to be aware of carbon footprint rather than
pure energy consumption - carbon intensity of energy sources varies. pure energy consumption - carbon intensity of energy sources varies.
The starting observation from this session was that the issue is much The starting observation from this session was that the issue is much
bigger than our technology alone. The issue influences all parts of bigger than Internet technology alone. The issue influences all
society, and even matters such as (in)equality, externalized costs, parts of society, and even matters such as (in)equality, externalized
and justice. Another key observation was that improvements come in costs, and justice. Another key observation was that improvements
many forms; there is no silver bullet. The opportunity to bring come in many forms; there is no silver bullet. The opportunity to
together people with different backgrounds helped us see how we bring together people with different backgrounds helped us see how we
approach the topic from different angles - none of them wrong, but approach the topic from different angles - none of them wrong, but
also none of the sole angle to focus on either. Only the combined also none of the sole angle to focus on either. Only the combined
effects of complementary efforts can provide the required level of effects of complementary efforts can provide the required level of
changes. changes.
Some of the useful tools for approaching the issue included of course Some of the useful tools for approaching the issue included of course
technical solutions, but also solidarity, aiming for sufficiency, and technical solutions, but also solidarity, aiming for sufficiency, and
awareness. It is important to not stand still waiting for the awareness. It is important to not stand still waiting for the
perfect solution. Renewable energy and carbon awareness were seen as perfect solution. Renewable energy and carbon awareness were seen as
a part of the solution, but not, however, sufficient by themselves. a part of the solution, but not, however, sufficient by themselves.
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+---- Carbon +---- Mobile +---- Carbon +---- Mobile
| |
+---- Metrics +---- Metrics
| |
+---- Other +---- Other
Figure 1: Position paper submission topics Figure 1: Position paper submission topics
Some of the goals for the IETF should include: Some of the goals for the IETF should include:
o Connecting the IETF with others. Given that the issue is broad, * Connecting the IETF with others. Given that the issue is broad,
it is difficult for one standards organisation alone to make a it is difficult for one standards organisation alone to make a
significant impact, or even have the full picture. Working in significant impact, or even have the full picture. Working in
collaboration with others is necessary. And understanding the collaboration with others is necessary. And understanding the
situation beyond technology will be needed. situation beyond technology will be needed.
o Continuous improvement. It is important that the IETF (among * Continuous improvement. It is important that the IETF (among
others) sets itself on a continuous improvement cycle. No single others) sets itself on a continuous improvement cycle. No single
improvement will change the overall situation sufficiently, but improvement will change the overall situation sufficiently, but
over a longer period of time, even smaller changes every year will over a longer period of time, even smaller changes every year will
result in larger improvements. result in larger improvements.
o Finding the right targets for improvements in the Internet. These * Finding the right targets for improvements in the Internet. These
should perhaps not be solely defined by larger speeds or bigger should perhaps not be solely defined by larger speeds or bigger
capacity, but rather increased usefulness to society and declining capacity, but rather increased usefulness to society and declining
emissions from ICT. emissions from the information and communications technology (ICT)
sector.
o Specifying what research needs to be done, i.e., where additional * Specifying what research needs to be done, i.e., where additional
knowledge would allow us to find better improvements. For knowledge would allow us to find better improvements. For
instance, not enough is known about environmental impacts beyond instance, not enough is known about environmental impacts beyond
energy, such as natural resources used for manufacturing, or the energy, such as natural resources used for manufacturing, or the
use of water. Carbon-awareness and measurements across domains is use of water. Carbon-awareness and measurements across domains is
also poorly understood today. And business model impacts - such also poorly understood today. And business model impacts -- such
as the role of advertising on Internet's carbon footprint - as the role of advertising on Internet's carbon footprint --
deserve more study. deserve more study.
4.2. Understanding the Impacts 3.2. Understanding the Impacts
The second session focused on what we know and do not know, and how The second session focused on what we know and do not know, and how
we can measure environmental impacts. we can measure environmental impacts.
The initial presentation focused on narrowing down the lower and The initial presentation focused on narrowing down the lower and
upper limits of the energy use of the Internet. There was also upper limits of the energy use of the Internet and putting some
discussion regarding the energy consumption of the ICT sector and how common but erroneous claims into context. There was also discussion
it compares to some other selected industries such as aviation. regarding the energy consumption of the ICT sector and how it
compares to some other selected industries such as aviation.
Dwelling deeper into the energy consumption and the carbon footprint Dwelling deeper into the energy consumption and the carbon footprint
of the ICT sector there was discussion regarding how the impact was of the ICT sector there was discussion regarding how the impact was
split amongst the networks, data centres and user devices (with the split amongst the networks, data centres and user devices (with the
user devices appearing to contribute to the largest fraction of the user devices appearing to contribute to the largest fraction of the
impact). Also, while lot of the energy consumption related studies impact). Also, while lot of the energy consumption related studies
and discussions have been focused on data centers, some studies and discussions have been focused on data centers, some studies
suggested that data center energy usage is still a small fraction of suggested that data center energy usage is still a small fraction of
energy use as compared to residential and commercial buildings. energy use as compared to residential and commercial buildings.
There were also further discussions both during the presentations and There were also further discussions both during the presentations and
in the hallway chats regarding the press and media coverage of the in the hallway chats regarding the press and media coverage of the
potential environment technologies. The overall sense of the potential environment technologies. The overall sense of the
participants seemed to be that there was a lot of sensational participants seemed to be that there was a lot of sensational
headlines, but they were not really backed by measurements done by headlines, but they were not really backed by measurements done by
the industry and academia, and were fraught with errors. Some of the industry and academia, and were fraught with errors. Some of
these media reports were off by quite a bit, sometimes even by an these media reports were off by quite a bit, sometimes even by an
order of magnitude (e.g., confusing MBps vs Mbps in calculations). order of magnitude (e.g., confusing MBps vs Mbps in calculations).
The potential harm is having widely circulating misinformation was
noted; it can hinder realistic efforts to reduce carbon emissions.
In the rest of the session we looked at both additional data In the rest of the session we looked at both additional data
collected from the operators as well as factors that - depending on collected from the operators as well as factors that - depending on
circumstances - may drive energy consumption. These include for circumstances - may drive energy consumption. These include for
instance peak capacity and energy proportionality. instance peak capacity and energy proportionality.
If energy consumption is little affected by offered load, the ratio If energy consumption is little affected by offered load, the ratio
of peak capacity to typical usage becomes a critical factor in energy of peak capacity to typical usage becomes a critical factor in energy
consumption. On the other hand, systems with energy proportionality consumption. On the other hand, systems with energy proportionality
scale their resource and energy consumption more dynamically based on scale their resource and energy consumption more dynamically based on
offered load. There were also observations that showed that the offered load. The lack of energy proportionality in many parts of
energy consumption grew as a step function when the peak capacity was the network infrastructure was noted, along with the potential gains
reached (even instantaneously) and additional capacity was built up if it can be improved.
by performing network upgrades to handle these new peaks. This
resulted in a overall higher baseline energy consumption even when
the average demand did not change that much. Thus, the ability to
shift load to reduce peak demand was highlighted as a potential way
to delay increases in consumption when energy proportionality is
lacking.
4.3. Improvements There were also observations that showed that the energy consumption
grew as a step function when the peak capacity was reached (even
instantaneously) and additional capacity was built up by performing
network upgrades to handle these new peaks. This resulted in a
overall higher baseline energy consumption even when the average
demand did not change that much. Thus, the ability to shift load to
reduce peak demand was highlighted as a potential way to delay
increases in consumption when energy proportionality is lacking.
3.3. Improvements
The third session was about potential improvements. The third session was about potential improvements.
As noted earlier, there are many different types of improvements. In As noted earlier, there are many different types of improvements. In
the discussion we focused mostly on protocol aspects, and looked at the discussion we focused mostly on protocol aspects, and looked at
metrics, telemetry, routing, multicast, and data encoding formats. metrics, telemetry, routing, multicast, and data encoding formats.
The initial two presentations focused on metrics and telemetry with The initial two presentations focused on metrics and telemetry with
the premise that visibility is a very important first step the premise that visibility is a very important first step
(paraphrasing Peter Drucker's mantra of "You cannot improve what you (paraphrasing Peter Drucker's mantra of "You cannot improve what you
don't measure"). There was a discussion of the scopes of emissions don't measure"). There was a discussion of the scopes of emissions
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the trade-offs involved in changing forwarding decisions - such as the trade-offs involved in changing forwarding decisions - such as
increased jitter and stretch. Jitter is about delay fluctuation increased jitter and stretch. Jitter is about delay fluctuation
between packets in a stream [RFC4689]. Stretch is defined as the between packets in a stream [RFC4689]. Stretch is defined as the
difference between the absolute shortest path traffic could take difference between the absolute shortest path traffic could take
through the network and the path the traffic actually takes through the network and the path the traffic actually takes
[RFC7980]. Impacts on jitter and stretch point to the need for [RFC7980]. Impacts on jitter and stretch point to the need for
careful design and analysis of improvements from a system careful design and analysis of improvements from a system
perspective, to ensure that the intended effect is indeed reached perspective, to ensure that the intended effect is indeed reached
across the entire system, and is not only a local optimum. across the entire system, and is not only a local optimum.
We also talked about the potentially significant impact of using We also talked about the potentially significant impact, provided the
efficient binary formats instead of textual representations when network exhibits energy proportionality, of using efficient binary
carrying data in protocols. This is something that can be relatively formats instead of textual representations when carrying data in
easily adopted in new protocols as they are developed. Indeed, some protocols. This is something that can be relatively easily adopted
recently finished protocols such as HTTP/2 have already chosen to use in new protocols as they are developed. Indeed, some recently
this technique [RFC7540]. General-purpose binary formats such as finished protocols such as HTTP/2 have already chosen to use this
Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) [RFC8949] are also technique [RFC7540]. General-purpose binary formats such as Concise
available for use. Binary Object Representation (CBOR) [RFC8949] are also available for
use.
There were also some interesting discussions regarding the use of There were also some interesting discussions regarding the use of
multicast and whether it would help or hurt on the energy efficiency multicast and whether it would help or hurt on the energy efficiency
of communications. There were some studies and simulations that of communications. There were some studies and simulations that
showed the potential gains to be had but they were to be balanced showed the potential gains to be had but they were to be balanced
against some of the well known barriers to deployment of multicast. against some of the well known barriers to deployment of multicast.
We also heard from a leading Content Delivery Network (CDN) operator We also heard from a leading Content Delivery Network (CDN) operator
regarding their views on multicast and how it relates to media usage regarding their views on multicast and how it relates to media usage
and consumption models. The hallway conversations also talked about and consumption models. The hallway conversations also talked about
the potential negative effects of multicast in wireless and the potential negative effects of multicast in wireless and
constrained networks. Overall the conclusion was that the use of constrained networks. Overall the conclusion was that the use of
multicast can potentially provide some savings but only in some multicast can potentially provide some savings but only in some
specific scenarios. specific scenarios.
For all improvements, the importance of metrics was frequently For all improvements, the importance of metrics was frequently
highlighted to ensure changes lead to a meaningful reduction in highlighted to ensure changes lead to a meaningful reduction in
overall system carbon footprint. overall system carbon footprint.
4.4. Next Steps 3.4. Next Steps
The final fourth session was about conclusions and next steps. This The final fourth session was about conclusions and next steps. This
section highlights some of these conclusions. section highlights some of these conclusions.
4.4.1. Overall Strategy 3.4.1. Overall Strategy
While only a few things are easy, the road ahead for making While only a few things are easy, the road ahead for making
improvements seems clear: we need to continue to improve our improvements seems clear: we need to continue to improve our
understanding of the environmental impact, and have a continuous understanding of the environmental impact, and have a continuous
cycle of improvements that lead not just to better energy efficiency cycle of improvements that lead not just to better energy efficiency
but to reduced overall carbon emissions. The IETF can play an but to reduced overall carbon emissions. The IETF can play an
important part in this process, but of course there are other aspects important part in this process, but of course there are other aspects
beyond protocols. beyond protocols.
On understanding our environmental impact the first step is better On understanding our environmental impact the first step is better
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One of the key realizations from this workshop was that the problem One of the key realizations from this workshop was that the problem
to be solved is very large, complex and that there is no single to be solved is very large, complex and that there is no single
solution that fixes everything. There are some solutions that could solution that fixes everything. There are some solutions that could
help in the near term and others that would only show benefits over help in the near term and others that would only show benefits over
longer periods, but they are both necessary. longer periods, but they are both necessary.
One further challenge is that due to the size and complexity of the One further challenge is that due to the size and complexity of the
problem, it was very likely that there might be varying opinions on problem, it was very likely that there might be varying opinions on
what KPIs need to be measured and improved. what KPIs need to be measured and improved.
4.4.2. Improvements 3.4.2. Improvements
In looking at potential improvements, it is essential that any In looking at potential improvements, it is essential that any
associated tradeoffs can be understood (note that not all associated tradeoffs can be understood (note that not all
improvements do indeed entail a tradeoff). The role of the Internet improvements do indeed entail a tradeoff).
in improving other areas of society must not be diminished." For
instance, discussion in session three revealed how some changes might
impact latency and jitter. Given that these characteristics are an
important factor how virtual meetings are perceived by potential
participants, it is important that the performance of networks
satisfies these participants at a level where there's willingness to
use them over other potentially more environmentally harmful methods,
such as travel.
Importantly, the role of the Internet in improving other areas of
society must not be diminished. Understanding the costs and benefits
requires taking a holistic view of energy consumption, focussing not
just on the carbon footprint of the Internet but of the broader
systems in which it is used. For instance, discussion in session
three revealed how some changes might impact latency and jitter.
Given that these characteristics are an important factor how virtual
meetings are perceived by potential participants, it is important
that the performance of networks satisfies these participants at a
level where there's willingness to use them over other potentially
more environmentally harmful methods, such as travel. Focussing
solely on the carbon footprint of the Internet, or solely on the
carbon footprint of travel, risks missing the bigger picture
potential savings.
Note that while virtual meetings are a common example, it is Note that while virtual meetings are a common example, it is
important to consider different use cases, some of which may not be important to consider different use cases, some of which may not be
as obvious to us human users as meetings are. Improvements may bring as obvious to us human users as meetings are. Improvements may bring
different or even larger impacts in other situations, e.g., Internet different or even larger impacts in other situations, e.g., Internet
connected electronics might benefit from different characteristics connected electronics might benefit from different characteristics
than human users, e.g., with regards to support for intermittent than human users, e.g., with regards to support for intermittent
connectivity. connectivity.
The relationships between different system components and the impact The relationships between different system components and the impact
of various detailed design choices in networks is not always of various detailed design choices in networks is not always
skipping to change at page 12, line 15 skipping to change at page 12, line 47
nodes. When considering environmental sustainability, in most cases nodes. When considering environmental sustainability, in most cases
the overall system impact is what counts more than local impacts. Of the overall system impact is what counts more than local impacts. Of
course, other factors, such as device battery life and availability course, other factors, such as device battery life and availability
of power may result in other preferences, such as optimising for low of power may result in other preferences, such as optimising for low
power usage of end-user devices, even at the cost of increases power usage of end-user devices, even at the cost of increases
elsewhere. elsewhere.
In terms of useful tools for building improvements, the following In terms of useful tools for building improvements, the following
were highlighted in discussions: were highlighted in discussions:
o Masures beyond protocol design, such as implementations or * Masures beyond protocol design, such as implementations or
renewable energy use. Not everything is about protocols. renewable energy use. Not everything is about protocols.
o Metrics, measurements, and data are very beneficial. Carbon-aware * Metrics, measurements, and data are very beneficial. Carbon-aware
metrics would in particular be very useful. All additional metrics would in particular be very useful. All additional
information makes us more aware of what the environmental impacts information makes us more aware of what the environmental impacts
are, but also enables optimization, AI-based adjustments, or are, but also enables optimization, AI-based adjustments, or
carbon-directed computing and networking tools, and so on. carbon-directed computing and networking tools, and so on.
o It would be beneficial to be able to provide various systems a * It would be beneficial to be able to provide various systems a
more dynamic ability to slow down and sleep. Awareness of energy more dynamic ability to slow down and sleep. Awareness of energy
availability and type would also allow us to employ time and place availability and type would also allow us to employ time and place
shifting for reducing carbon impacts. shifting for reducing carbon impacts.
o When we design systems, paying attention to the used data formats * When we design systems, paying attention to the used data formats
may pay off significantly, as argued in [Moran]. may pay off significantly, as argued in [Moran].
o Possibly there's a new opportunity for deploying multicast as well * Possibly there’s a new opportunity for deploying multicast as well
[Navarre]. [Navarre].
o Designing systems for energy constrained situations may actually * Designing systems for energy constrained situations may actually
make the resulting systems work well in several environments. make the resulting systems work well in several environments.
4.4.3. Actions 3.4.3. Actions
The workshop discussed a number of possible actions. These actions The workshop discussed a number of possible actions. These actions
are not about how to take specific technical solutions forward, but are not about how to take specific technical solutions forward, but
rather about how to discuss the topic going forward or what technical rather about how to discuss the topic going forward or what technical
areas to focus on: areas to focus on:
o We need to continue the discussion - not all questions are * We need to continue the discussion – not all questions are
answered. Additional discussion within the IETF will be needed. answered. Additional discussion within the IETF will be needed.
Continuing to connect the IETF with others in society and other Continuing to connect the IETF with others in society and other
SDOs around this topic is also useful. SDOs around this topic is also useful.
o It is useful to find a role and a scope for IETF work in this * It is useful to find a role and a scope for IETF work in this
area. The IETF will not develop alternative energy sources, work area. The IETF will not develop alternative energy sources, work
on social issues or have detailed discussions about implementation on social issues or have detailed discussions about implementation
strategies or electronics design. However, the IETF has a role in strategies or electronics design. However, the IETF has a role in
measurement mechanisms, protocol design and standards - but of measurement mechanisms, protocol design and standards -- but of
course activities in this role need to be aware of other aspects, course activities in this role need to be aware of other aspects,
such as implementation strategies. such as implementation strategies.
o Increase our understanding of the environmental impacts of * Increase our understanding of the environmental impacts of
Internet technologies. One discussion topic during the workshop Internet technologies. One discussion topic during the workshop
was also whether each new RFC should dedicate a section to discuss was also whether each new RFC should dedicate a section to discuss
the these impacts. No conclusion was drawn about the way to the these impacts. No conclusion was drawn about the way to
document these in RFCs, but it is clear that the IETF community document these in RFCs, but it is clear that the IETF community
will need to understand the environmental issues better. (Perhaps will need to understand the environmental issues better. (Perhaps
in addition to learning about the actual issues, guidelines for in addition to learning about the actual issues, guidelines for
analysing protocols with regards to their impacts could be analysing protocols with regards to their impacts could be
useful.) useful.)
o IETF activities on specific technologies are already ongoing or * IETF activities on specific technologies are already ongoing or
starting, such as metrics discussed, for instance, at the NMRG starting, such as metrics discussed, for instance, at the NMRG
research group [NMRG] or the OPSAWG working group [OPSAWG], or the research group [NMRG] or the OPSAWG working group [OPSAWG], or the
new Time Variant Routing (TVR) working group [TVR]. It may be new Time Variant Routing (TVR) working group [TVR]. It may be
also useful to start from picking the low-hanging fruits, such as: also useful to start from picking the low-hanging fruits, such as:
* Focusing on the use of efficient data formats. - Focusing on improving energy proportionality and the consequent
use of efficient data formats.
* Avoiding crypto assets - such as Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and - Avoiding crypto assets - such as Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and
cryptocurrencies. cryptocurrencies.
* Being able to carry information that needs to be shared for the - Being able to carry information that needs to be shared for the
purposes of enabling load and time shifting. purposes of enabling load and time shifting.
o Help initiate research activities that address some of the issues, * Help initiate research activities that address some of the issues,
such as broader gathering and sharing of measurement data, such as broader gathering and sharing of measurement data,
analysis of this data and looking at business related issues such analysis of this data and looking at business related issues such
as the impact of peering or advertising impacts sustainability. as the impact of peering or advertising impacts sustainability.
In addition, there may be a need to look at research for specific In addition, there may be a need to look at research for specific
areas of improvements that are promising but not ready for areas of improvements that are promising but not ready for
standards discussion. standards discussion.
In summary, the goals that the IETF should have include: In summary, the goals that the IETF should have include:
o Full understanding of the Internet's environmental impact. * Full understanding of the Internet’s environmental impact.
o Continuous improvement of our technology. * Continuous improvement of our technology.
o Launching research relevant activities. * Launching research relevant activities.
5. Feedback 4. Feedback
The organizers received generally positive feedback about the The organizers received generally positive feedback about the
workshop. workshop.
One practical issue from the organizer's point of view was that due One practical issue from the organizer's point of view was that due
to the extension of the deadline, the final submissions and paper to the extension of the deadline, the final submissions and paper
reviews collided in part with the IETF-115 meeting. This led to it reviews collided in part with the IETF-115 meeting. This led to it
being very difficult for the program committee and practical being very difficult for the program committee and practical
organization staff to find time for the activity. We recommend organization staff to find time for the activity. We recommend
avoiding such collisions in the future. avoiding such collisions in the future.
6. Security Considerations 5. Security Considerations
The workshop itself did not address specific security topics. Of The workshop itself did not address specific security topics. Of
course, individual changes in Internet technology or operations that course, individual changes in Internet technology or operations that
influence environmental impacts may also influence security aspects. influence environmental impacts may also influence security aspects.
These need to be looked at for every proposed change. These need to be looked at for every proposed change.
Such influence on security may come in different forms. For Such influence on security may come in different forms. For
instance: instance:
o A mechanism that makes, for instance, energy consumption * A mechanism that makes, for instance, energy consumption
information available may be susceptible to tampering or providing information available may be susceptible to tampering or providing
false information. For instance, [McDaniel] argues that economics false information. For instance, [McDaniel] argues that economics
and history shows that different players will attempt to cheat if and history shows that different players will attempt to cheat if
a benefit can be acrued by doing so, e.g., by misreporting. As a a benefit can be acrued by doing so, e.g., by misreporting. As a
result, sustainability measures and systems must be modeled as result, sustainability measures and systems must be modeled as
systems under threat. systems under threat.
o A mechanism that allows control of network elements for * A mechanism that allows control of network elements for
optimization purposes may be misused to cause denial-of-service or optimization purposes may be misused to cause denial-of-service or
other types of attacks. other types of attacks.
o Avoiding the use of crypto assets where other mechanisms suffice. * Avoiding the use of crypto assets where other mechanisms suffice.
o Streamlining what data is sent may improve privacy if less * Streamlining what data is sent may improve privacy if less
information is shared. information is shared.
7. IANA Considerations 6. IANA Considerations
This document has no IANA actions. This document has no IANA actions.
8. Position Papers 7. Position Papers
The following position papers were submitted to the workshop: The following position papers were submitted to the workshop:
o Chris Adams, Stefano Salsano, Hesham ElBakoury: "Extending IPv6 to * Chris Adams, Stefano Salsano, Hesham ElBakoury: "Extending IPv6 to
support Carbon Aware Networking" [Adams] support Carbon Aware Networking" [Adams]
o Per Anderson, Suresh Krishnan, Jan Lindblad, Snezana Mitrovic, * Per Anderson, Suresh Krishnan, Jan Lindblad, Snezana Mitrovic,
Marisol Palmero, Esther Roure, Gonzalo Salgueiro: "Sustainability Marisol Palmero, Esther Roure, Gonzalo Salgueiro: "Sustainability
Telemetry" [Anderson] Telemetry" [Anderson]
o Jari Arkko, Nina Loevehagen, Pernilla Bergmark: "Environmental * Jari Arkko, Nina Lövehagen, Pernilla Bergmark: "Environmental
Impacts of the Internet: Scope, Improvements, and Challenges" Impacts of the Internet: Scope, Improvements, and Challenges"
[Arkko] [Arkko]
o R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, F. Davoli, C. Lombardo, Beatrice * R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, F. Davoli, C. Lombardo, Beatrice
Siccardi: "6Green: Green Technologies for 5/6G Service- Based Siccardi: "6Green: Green Technologies for 5/6G Service- Based
Architectures" [Bolla] Architectures" [Bolla]
o Alexander Clemm, Lijun Dong, Greg Mirsky, Laurent Ciavaglia, Jeff * Alexander Clemm, Lijun Dong, Greg Mirsky, Laurent Ciavaglia, Jeff
Tantsura, Marie-Paule Odini: "Green Networking Metrics" [Clemm] Tantsura, Marie-Paule Odini: "Green Networking Metrics" [ClemmA]
o Alexander Clemm, Cedric Westphal, Jeff Tantsura, Laurent * Alexander Clemm, Cedric Westphal, Jeff Tantsura, Laurent
Ciavaglia, Marie-Paule Odini : "Challenges and Opportunities in Ciavaglia, Marie-Paule Odini : "Challenges and Opportunities in
Green Networking" [Clemm] Green Networking" [ClemmB]
o Toerless Eckert, Mohamed Boucadair, Pascal Thubert, Jeff Tantsura: * Toerless Eckert, Mohamed Boucadair, Pascal Thubert, Jeff Tantsura:
"IETF and Energy - An Overview" [Eckert] "IETF and Energy – An Overview" [Eckert]
o Greening of Streaming: "Tune In. Turn On. Cut Back. Finding the * Greening of Streaming: "Tune In. Turn On. Cut Back. Finding the
optimal streaming 'default' mode to increase energy efficiency, optimal streaming 'default' mode to increase energy efficiency,
shift consumer expectations, and safeguard choice" [GOS] shift consumer expectations, and safeguard choice" [GOS]
o Romain Jacob: "Towards a power-proportional Internet" [Jacob] * Romain Jacob: "Towards a power-proportional Internet" [Jacob]
o Fieke Jansen and Maya Richman: "Environment, internet * Fieke Jansen and Maya Richman: "Environment, internet
infrastructure, and digital rights" [Jansen] infrastructure, and digital rights" [Jansen]
o Michael King, Suresh Krishnan, Carlos Pignataro, Pascal Thubert, * Michael King, Suresh Krishnan, Carlos Pignataro, Pascal Thubert,
Eric Voit: "On Principles for a Sustainability Stack" [King] Eric Voit: "On Principles for a Sustainability Stack" [King]
o Suresh Krishnan, Carlos Pignataro: "Sustainability considerations * Suresh Krishnan, Carlos Pignataro: "Sustainability considerations
for networking equipment" [Krishnan] for networking equipment" [Krishnan]
o Jukka Manner: "Sustainability Considerations" [Manner] * Jukka Manner: "Sustainability Considerations" [Manner]
o Vesna Manojlovic: "Internet Infrastructure and Climate Justice" * Vesna Manojlovic: "Internet Infrastructure and Climate Justice"
[Manojlovic] [Manojlovic]
o Mike Mattera: "Understanding the Full Emissions Impact from * Mike Mattera: "Understanding the Full Emissions Impact from
Internet Traffic" [Mattera] Internet Traffic" [Mattera]
o John Preuss Mattsson: "Environmental Impact of Crypto-Assets" * John Preuß Mattsson: "Environmental Impact of Crypto-Assets"
[Mattsson] [Mattsson]
o Brendan Moran, Henk Birkholz, Carsten Bormann: "CBOR is Greener * Brendan Moran, Henk Birkholz, Carsten Bormann: "CBOR is Greener
than JSON" [Moran] than JSON" [Moran]
o Louis Navarre, Franocis Michel, Olivier Bonaventure: "It is time * Louis Navarre, Franoçis Michel, Olivier Bonaventure: "It is time
to reconsider multicast" [Navarre] to reconsider multicast" [Navarre]
o Bruce Nordman: "Applying Internet Architecture to Energy Systems" * Bruce Nordman: "Applying Internet Architecture to Energy Systems"
[Nordman] [Nordman]
o Alvaro Retana, Russ White, Manuel Paul: "A Framework and * Alvaro Retana, Russ White, Manuel Paul: "A Framework and
Requirements for Energy Aware Control Planes" [Retana] Requirements for Energy Aware Control Planes" [Retana]
o Shayna Robinson, Remy Hellstern, Mariana Diaz: "Sea Change: * Shayna Robinson, Remy Hellstern, Mariana Diaz: "Sea Change:
Prioritizing the Environment in Internet Architecture" [Robinson] Prioritizing the Environment in Internet Architecture" [Robinson]
o Daniel Schien, Paul Shabajee, Chris Preist: "Rethinking Allocation * Daniel Schien, Paul Shabajee, Chris Preist: "Rethinking Allocation
in High-Baseload Systems: A Demand-Proportional Network in High-Baseload Systems: A Demand-Proportional Network
Electricity Intensity Metric" [Schien] Electricity Intensity Metric" [Schien]
o Eve M. Schooler, Rick Taylor, Noa Zilberman, Robert Soule, Dawn * Eve M. Schooler, Rick Taylor, Noa Zilberman, Robert Soulé, Dawn
Nafus, Rajit Manohar, Uri Cummings: "A Perspective on Carbon-aware Nafus, Rajit Manohar, Uri Cummings: "A Perspective on Carbon-aware
Networking" [Schooler] Networking" [Schooler]
o Selome Kostentinos Tesfatsion, Xuejun Cai, Arif Ahmed: "End-to-end * Selome Kostentinos Tesfatsion, Xuejun Cai, Arif Ahmed: "End-to-end
Energy Efficiency at Service-level in Edge Cloud" [Kostentinos] Energy Efficiency at Service-level in Edge Cloud" [Kostentinos]
o Pascal Thubert: "Digital Twin and Automation" [Thubert] * Pascal Thubert: "Digital Twin and Automation" [Thubert]
o Wim Vanderbauwhede: "Frugal Computing" [Vanderbauwhede] * Wim Vanderbauwhede: "Frugal Computing" [Vanderbauwhede]
o Michael Welzl, Ozgu Alay, Peyman Teymoori, Safiqul Islam: * Michael Welzl, Ozgu Alay, Peyman Teymoori, Safiqul Islam:
"Reducing Green House Gas Emissions With Congestion Control" "Reducing Green House Gas Emissions With Congestion Control“
[Welzl] [Welzl]
9. Program Committee 8. Program Committee
The program committee members were: The program committee members were:
o Jari Arkko, Ericsson (program committee co-chair) * Jari Arkko, Ericsson (program committee co-chair)
o Lars Eggert, Netapp (program committee co-chair) * Lars Eggert, Netapp (program committee co-chair)
o Colin Perkins, University of Glasgow (program committee co-chair) * Colin Perkins, University of Glasgow (program committee co-chair)
o Luis M. Contreras, Telefonica * Luis M. Contreras, Telefónica
o Toerless Eckert, Futurewei
o Martin Flack, Akamai * Toerless Eckert, Futurewei
o Mike Mattera, Akamai * Martin Flack, Akamai
o Barath Raghavan, USC * Mike Mattera, Akamai
* Barath Raghavan, USC
o Daniel Schien,University of Bristol * Daniel Schien,University of Bristol
o Eve M. Schooler, Intel * Eve M. Schooler, Intel
o Rick Taylor, Ori Industries * Rick Taylor, Ori Industries
10. Workshop Participants 9. Workshop Participants
The participants who attended at least one of the four sessions were: The participants who attended at least one of the four sessions were:
o Alex Clemm * Alex Clemm
o Ali Rezaki * Ali Rezaki
o Arif Ahmed * Arif Ahmed
o Beatrice Siccardi * Beatrice Siccardi
o Brendan Moran * Brendan Moran
o Bruce Nordman * Bruce Nordman
o Carlos Pignataro * Carlos Pignataro
o Carsten Bormann * Carsten Bormann
o Cedric Westphal * Cedric Westphal
o Chiara Lombardo * Chiara Lombardo
o Chris Adams * Chris Adams
o Colin Perkins * Colin Perkins
o Daniel Schien * Daniel Schien
o Dawn Nafus * Dawn Nafus
o Dom Robinson * Dom Robinson
o Eric Voit
o Eric Vyncke * Eric Voit
o Esther Roure Vila * Eric Vyncke
o Eve M. Schooler * Esther Roure Vila
* Eve M. Schooler
o Fieke Jansen * Fieke Jansen
o Franco Davoli * Franco Davoli
o Gonzalo Salgueiro * Gonzalo Salgueiro
o Greg Mirsky * Greg Mirsky
o Henk Birkholz * Henk Birkholz
o Hesham ElBakoury * Hesham ElBakoury
o Hosein Badran * Hosein Badran
o Iankang Yao * Iankang Yao
o Jan Lindblad * Jan Lindblad
o Jari Arkko * Jari Arkko
o Jens Malmodin * Jens Malmodin
o Jiankang Yao * Jiankang Yao
o John Preuss Mattsson * John Preuß Mattsson
o Jukka Manner * Jukka Manner
o Julien Maisonneuve * Julien Maisonneuve
o Kristin Moyer * Kristin Moyer
o Lars Eggert * Lars Eggert
o Laurent Ciavaglia * Laurent Ciavaglia
o Lijun Dong * Lijun Dong
o Louis Navarre * Louis Navarre
o Louise Krug
o Luis M. Contreras * Louise Krug
o Marisol Palmero Amador * Luis M. Contreras
o Martin Flack * Marisol Palmero Amador
* Martin Flack
o Maya Richman * Maya Richman
o Michael Welzl * Michael Welzl
o Mike Mattera * Mike Mattera
o Mohamed Boucadair * Mohamed Boucadair
o Nina Loevehagen * Nina Lövehagen
o Noa Zilberman * Noa Zilberman
o Olivier Bonaventure * Olivier Bonaventure
o Pascal Thubert * Pascal Thubert
o Paul Shabajee * Paul Shabajee
o Per Andersson * Per Andersson
o Pernilla Bergmark * Pernilla Bergmark
o Peyman Teymoori * Peyman Teymoori
o Qin Wu * Qin Wu
o Remy Hellstern * Remy Hellstern
o Rick Taylor * Rick Taylor
o Rob WIlton * Rob WIlton
o Rob Wilton * Rob Wilton
o Romain Jacob * Romain Jacob
o Russ White * Russ White
o Safiqul Islam * Safiqul Islam
o Selome Kostentinos Tesfatsion
o Shayna Robinson * Selome Kostentinos Tesfatsion
o Snezana Mitrovic * Shayna Robinson
o Stefano Salsano * Snezana Mitrovic
* Stefano Salsano
o Suresh Krishnan * Suresh Krishnan
o Tirumaleswar Reddy * Tirumaleswar Reddy
o Toerless Eckert * Toerless Eckert
o Uri Cummings * Uri Cummings
o Vesna Manojlovic * Vesna Manojlovic
o Wim Vanderbauwhede * Wim Vanderbauwhede
11. Informative References 10. Informative References
[RFC4689] Poretsky, S., Perser, J., Erramilli, S., and S. Khurana,
"Terminology for Benchmarking Network-layer Traffic
Control Mechanisms", RFC 4689, DOI 10.17487/RFC4689,
October 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4689>.
[RFC7540] Belshe, M., Peon, R., and M. Thomson, Ed., "Hypertext
Transfer Protocol Version 2 (HTTP/2)", RFC 7540,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7540, May 2015, <https://www.rfc-
editor.org/info/rfc7540>.
[RFC7980] Behringer, M., Retana, A., White, R., and G. Huston, "A
Framework for Defining Network Complexity", RFC 7980,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7980, October 2016, <https://www.rfc-
editor.org/info/rfc7980>.
[RFC8949] Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object
Representation (CBOR)", STD 94, RFC 8949,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8949, December 2020, <https://www.rfc-
editor.org/info/rfc8949>.
[Adams] Adams, C., Salsano, S., and H. ElBakoury, "Extending IPv6 [Adams] Adams, C., Salsano, S., and H. ElBakoury, "Extending IPv6
to support Carbon Aware Networking", Position paper in the to support Carbon Aware Networking", Position paper in the
IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet
Applications and Systems, December 2022. Applications and Systems , December 2022.
[Anderson] [Anderson] Anderson, P., Krishnan, S., Lindblad, J., Mitrovic, S.,
Anderson, P., Krishnan, S., Lindblad, J., Mitrovic, S.,
Palmero, M., Roure, E., and G. Salgueiro, "Sustainability Palmero, M., Roure, E., and G. Salgueiro, "Sustainability
Telemetry", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on Telemetry", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on
Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and
Systems, December 2022. Systems , December 2022.
[Arkko] Arkko, J., Loevehagen, N., and P. Bergmark, "Environmental [Arkko] Arkko, J., Lövehagen, N., and P. Bergmark, "Environmental
Impacts of the Internet: Scope, Improvements, and Impacts of the Internet: Scope, Improvements, and
Challenges", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on Challenges", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on
Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and
Systems, December 2022. Systems , December 2022.
[Bolla] Bolla, R., Bruschi, R., Davoli, F., Lombardo, C., and . [Bolla] Bolla, R., Bruschi, R., Davoli, F., Lombardo, C., and
Beatrice Siccardi, "6Green: Green Technologies for 5/6G Beatrice Siccardi, "6Green: Green Technologies for 5/6G
Service- Based Architectures", Position paper in the IAB Service- Based Architectures", Position paper in the IAB
Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications
and Systems, December 2022. and Systems , December 2022.
[Clemm] Clemm, A., Westphal, C., Tantsura, J., Ciavaglia, L., [ClemmA] Clemm, A., Dong, L., Mirsky, G., Ciavaglia, L., Tantsura,
J., and M. Odini, "Green Networking Metrics", Position
paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of
Internet Applications and Systems , December 2022.
[ClemmB] Clemm, A., Westphal, C., Tantsura, J., Ciavaglia, L.,
Odini, M., and M. Welzl, "Challenges and Opportunities in Odini, M., and M. Welzl, "Challenges and Opportunities in
Green Networking", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on Green Networking", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on
Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and
Systems, December 2022. Systems , December 2022.
[Eckert] Eckert, T., Boucadair, M., Thubert, P., and J. Tantsura, [Eckert] Eckert, T., Boucadair, M., Thubert, P., and J. Tantsura,
"IETF and Energy - An Overview", Position paper in the IAB "IETF and Energy – An Overview", Position paper in the IAB
Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications
and Systems, December 2022. and Systems , December 2022.
[GOS] Greening of Streaming, ., "Tune In. Turn On. Cut Back. [GOS] Greening of Streaming, "Tune In. Turn On. Cut Back.
Finding the optimal streaming 'default' mode to increase Finding the optimal streaming 'default' mode to increase
energy efficiency, shift consumer expectations, and energy efficiency, shift consumer expectations, and
safeguard choice", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on safeguard choice", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on
Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and
Systems, December 2022. Systems , December 2022.
[Jacob] Jacob, R., "Towards a power-proportional Internet", [Jacob] Jacob, R., "Towards a power-proportional Internet",
Position paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Position paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental
Impacts of Internet Applications and Systems, December Impacts of Internet Applications and Systems , December
2022. 2022.
[Jansen] Jansen, F. and M. Richman, "Environment, internet [Jansen] Jansen, F. and M. Richman, "Environment, internet
infrastructure, and digital rights", Position paper in the infrastructure, and digital rights", Position paper in the
IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet
Applications and Systems, December 2022. Applications and Systems , December 2022.
[King] King, M., Krishnan, S., Pignataro, C., Thubert, P., and E. [King] King, M., Krishnan, S., Pignataro, C., Thubert, P., and E.
Voit, "On Principles for a Sustainability Stack", Position Voit, "On Principles for a Sustainability Stack", Position
paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of
Internet Applications and Systems, December 2022. Internet Applications and Systems , December 2022.
[Kostentinos] [Kostentinos]
Tesfatsion, S., Cai, X., and A. Ahmed, "End-to-end Energy Tesfatsion, S., Cai, X., and A. Ahmed, "End-to-end Energy
Efficiency at Service-level in Edge Cloud", Position paper Efficiency at Service-level in Edge Cloud", Position paper
in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet
Applications and Systems, December 2022. Applications and Systems , December 2022.
[Krishnan] [Krishnan] Krishnan, S. and C. Pignataro, "Sustainability
Krishnan, S. and C. Pignataro, "Sustainability
considerations for networking equipment", Position paper considerations for networking equipment", Position paper
in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet
Applications and Systems, December 2022. Applications and Systems , December 2022.
[McDaniel]
McDaniel, P., "Sustainability is a Security Problem", ACM
Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS) ,
November 2022.
[Manner] Manner, J., "Sustainability Considerations", Position [Manner] Manner, J., "Sustainability Considerations", Position
paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of
Internet Applications and Systems, December 2022. Internet Applications and Systems , December 2022.
[Manojlovic] [Manojlovic]
Manojlovic, V., "Internet Infrastructure and Climate Manojlovic, V., "Internet Infrastructure and Climate
Justice", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on Justice", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on
Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and
Systems, December 2022. Systems , December 2022.
[Mattera] Mattera, M., "Understanding the Full Emissions Impact from [Mattera] Mattera, M., "Understanding the Full Emissions Impact from
Internet Traffic", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on Internet Traffic", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on
Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and
Systems, December 2022. Systems , December 2022.
[Mattsson] [Mattsson] Mattsson, J. P., "Environmental Impact of Crypto-Assets",
Mattsson, J., "Environmental Impact of Crypto-Assets",
Position paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Position paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental
Impacts of Internet Applications and Systems, December Impacts of Internet Applications and Systems , December
2022. 2022.
[McDaniel] McDaniel, P., "Sustainability is a Security Problem", ACM
Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS) ,
November 2022.
[Moran] Moran, B., Birkholz, H., and C. Bormann, "CBOR is Greener [Moran] Moran, B., Birkholz, H., and C. Bormann, "CBOR is Greener
than JSON", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on than JSON", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on
Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and
Systems, December 2022. Systems , December 2022.
[Navarre] Navarre, L., Michel, F., and O. Bonaventure, "It is time [Navarre] Navarre, L., Michel, F., and O. Bonaventure, "It is time
to reconsider multicast", Position paper in the IAB to reconsider multicast", Position paper in the IAB
Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications
and Systems, December 2022. and Systems , December 2022.
[NMRG] IRTF, ., "Network Management Research Group (NMRG)", IRTF [NMRG] IRTF, "Network Management Research Group (NMRG)", IRTF
Research Group, see https://irtf.org/nmrg, March 1999. Research Group, see https://irtf.org/nmrg , March 1999.
[Nordman] Nordman, B., "Applying Internet Architecture to Energy [Nordman] Nordman, B., "Applying Internet Architecture to Energy
Systems", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on Systems", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on
Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and
Systems, December 2022. Systems , December 2022.
[OPSAWG] IETF, ., "Operations and Management Area Working Group [OPSAWG] IETF, "Operations and Management Area Working Group
(OPSAWG)", IETF Working Group, see (OPSAWG)", IETF Working Group, see
https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/opsawg/about/, June 2007. https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/opsawg/about/ , June 2007.
[Retana] Retana, A., White, R., and M. Paul, "A Framework and [Retana] Retana, A., White, R., and M. Paul, "A Framework and
Requirements for Energy Aware Control Planes", Position Requirements for Energy Aware Control Planes", Position
paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of
Internet Applications and Systems, December 2022. Internet Applications and Systems , December 2022.
[Robinson] [RFC4689] Poretsky, S., Perser, J., Erramilli, S., and S. Khurana,
Robinson, S., Hellstern, R., and M. Diaz, "Sea Change: "Terminology for Benchmarking Network-layer Traffic
Control Mechanisms", RFC 4689, DOI 10.17487/RFC4689,
October 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4689>.
[RFC7540] Belshe, M., Peon, R., and M. Thomson, Ed., "Hypertext
Transfer Protocol Version 2 (HTTP/2)", RFC 7540,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7540, May 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7540>.
[RFC7980] Behringer, M., Retana, A., White, R., and G. Huston, "A
Framework for Defining Network Complexity", RFC 7980,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7980, October 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7980>.
[RFC8949] Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object
Representation (CBOR)", STD 94, RFC 8949,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8949, December 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8949>.
[Robinson] Robinson, S., Hellstern, R., and M. Diaz, "Sea Change:
Prioritizing the Environment in Internet Architecture", Prioritizing the Environment in Internet Architecture",
Position paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Position paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental
Impacts of Internet Applications and Systems, December Impacts of Internet Applications and Systems , December
2022. 2022.
[Schien] Schien, D., Shabajee, P., and C. Preist, "Rethinking [Schien] Schien, D., Shabajee, P., and C. Preist, "Rethinking
Allocation in High-Baseload Systems: A Demand-Proportional Allocation in High-Baseload Systems: A Demand-Proportional
Network Electricity Intensity Metric", Position paper in Network Electricity Intensity Metric", Position paper in
the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet
Applications and Systems, December 2022. Applications and Systems , December 2022.
[Schooler] [Schooler] Schooler, E. M., Taylor, R., Zilberman, N., Soulé, R.,
Schooler, E., Taylor, R., Zilberman, N., Soule, R., Nafus, Nafus, D., Manohar, R., and U. Cummings, "A Perspective on
D., Manohar, R., and U. Cummings, "A Perspective on
Carbon-aware Networking", Position paper in the IAB Carbon-aware Networking", Position paper in the IAB
Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications
and Systems, December 2022. and Systems , December 2022.
[Thubert] Thubert, P., "Digital Twin and Automation", Position paper [Thubert] Thubert, P., "Digital Twin and Automation", Position paper
in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet
Applications and Systems, December 2022. Applications and Systems , December 2022.
[TVR] IESG, ., "Time-Variant Routing (TVR)", IETF Working Group, [TVR] IESG, "Time-Variant Routing (TVR)", IETF Working Group,
see https://datatracker.ietf.org/group/tvr/about/ , see https://datatracker.ietf.org/group/tvr/about/ ,
February 2023. February 2023.
[Vanderbauwhede] [Vanderbauwhede]
Vanderbauwhede, W., "Frugal Computing", Position paper in Vanderbauwhede, W., "Frugal Computing", Position paper in
the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet
Applications and Systems, December 2022. Applications and Systems , December 2022.
[Welzl] Welzl, M., Alay, O., Teymoori, P., and S. Islam, "Reducing [Welzl] Welzl, M., Alay, O., Teymoori, P., and S. Islam, "Reducing
Green House Gas Emissions With Congestion Control", Green House Gas Emissions With Congestion Control",
Position paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Position paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental
Impacts of Internet Applications and Systems, December Impacts of Internet Applications and Systems , December
2022. 2022.
Appendix A. IAB Members at the Time of Approval Appendix A. IAB Members at the Time of Approval
o Jari Arkko, Ericsson * Jari Arkko, Ericsson
o Deborah Brungard, AT&T * Deborah Brungard, AT&T
o Lars Eggert, NetApp * Lars Eggert, NetApp
o Wes Hardaker, USC/ISI * Wes Hardaker, USC/ISI
o Cullen Jennings, Cisco Systems * Cullen Jennings, Cisco Systems
o Mallory Knodel, Center for Democracy and Technology * Mallory Knodel, Center for Democracy and Technology
o Mirja Kuehlewind, Ericsson * Mirja Kühlewind, Ericsson
o Zhenbin Li, Huawei * Zhenbin Li, Huawei
o Tommy Pauly, Apple * Tommy Pauly, Apple
o David Schinazi, Google * David Schinazi, Google
o Russ White, Akamai * Russ White, Akamai
o Qin Wu, Huawei Technologies * Qin Wu, Huawei Technologies
o Jiankang Yao, CNNIC China Internet Network Information Center * Jiankang Yao, CNNIC China Internet Network Information Center
Appendix B. Acknowledgments Appendix B. Acknowledgments
Naturally, most of the credit goes to the workshop participants. Naturally, most of the credit goes to the workshop participants.
The organizers wish to thank Cindy Morgan and Greg Wood for their The organizers wish to thank Cindy Morgan and Greg Wood for their
work on the practical arrangements and communications relating to he work on the practical arrangements and communications relating to he
workshop. This report was greatly enhanced by the feedback provided workshop. This report was greatly enhanced by the feedback provided
on it, thanks to Michael Welzl in particular for his detailed review. on it, thanks to Michael Welzl in particular for his detailed review.
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